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   < Chemical hazards <  
Chemical hazards
and toxic substances
  (ALSO SEE PESTICIDES)  
 
If you work with chemicals, you have a right to know what the chemicals are and how you can work with them safely. In the U.S., employers must keep a list of all hazardous substances in the workplace, and the employer must provide workers with a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for any hazardous substance that is used by or in the vicinity of the worker. The employer must also train workers about chemical hazards and how to protect themselves. Pesticides-including insecticides, herbicides and fungicides-are poisons designed to kill unwanted plants and animals. They are all toxic to humans, to some degree, and many of them are dangerous even in small amounts.

 
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Chemical hazards and toxic substances links  
     
 

I. Sources of information about multiple substances

II. Sources of information about a single substance or group of closely-related substances (alphabetical)

III. Chemical hazards and toxic substances news

 
I. Sources of information about multiple substances

A to Z Listing of EPA Publications including papers on acetaldehyde, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, cadmium, carbon monoxide, chloroethane, chloroprene, diesel exhaust, dioxin, mercury, methylmercury, methyl chloride, MTBE, nitrobenzene, secondhand smoke, PCBs, ammonium perchlorate, quinoline, silica and vinyl chloride (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Program Descriptions of the dangers to humans resulting from short-term exposure to airborne chemicals. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Public Health Statements More than 150 summaries about hazardous substances in a question-and-answer format, which address the most frequently asked questions about exposure to hazardous substances found around hazardous waste sites and the effects of exposure on human health.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQ factsheets More than 150 authoritative factsheets in alphabetical order, from acetone to zinc
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicological Profiles Very comprehensive discussions of the relationship between more than 250 chemicals and human health
Air Contaminants (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Basics of Chemical Safety (International Labour Organization)
Better Coordination Can Improve Safety at Hazardous Material Facilities (U.S. General Accounting Office, October 2000)
CAMEO - Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Cancer-Causing Chemicals in the Workplace  In format.  For information about using files in PDF format, click here.  (Civil Service Employees Association Safety and Health Department, 1998)
Case Definitions for Chemical Poisoning — In this report, CDC presents critical information that should be used when human illness results from an nintentional or intentional release of a toxin or toxicant. Case definitions should be used to facilitate uniform reporting among health agencies of illness resulting from a chemical release. In addition, this report explains the audience for whom the case definitions are intended, the setting in which the case definitions might be used, and reasons that each chemical presented in this report was selected. (National Center for Environmental Health, 2005)
Chemical Hazards - Gases, Liquids & Dusts (Alberta Human Resources and Employment Ministry)
Chemical Hazards Handbook (London Hazards Centre)
Chemical Health & Safety Data (U.S. National Toxicology Program)
Chemical Industry Archives (Thousands of searchable internal documents from the chemical industry and from its national trade associations obtained in connection with legal proceedings against the chemical industry — Environmental Working Group)
Chemical Reactivity Worksheet (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
Chemical Safety (Gateway page for the subject from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
Chemical Safety (Home page of large International Labour Organization site)
Chemical Safety (U.S. Centers for Disease Control in-house manual)
Chemical Safety (Washington Department of Labor and Industries)
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, United States
Chemical Scorecard/Chemical Information (Environmental Defense)
Chemicals in the Workplace (International Labour Organization)
Chemicals Policy Review (European Chemical Industry Council)
ChemCenter (American Chemical Society)
Cleaning Chemicals (AFSCME District Council 37, 1991)
Cleaning for Health: Products and Practices for a Safer Indoor Environment (INFORM, 2002)
Collaborative on Health and the Environment Toxicant and Disease Database
Controlling Chemical Exposure, Industrial Hygiene Fact Sheets (New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, 2001)
Controlling Chemical Hazards (American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees)
Cut the Use of Toxics in New York City (Daily News, September 30, 2003
Dry cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Chloral and chloral hydrate, Dichloroacetic acid, Trichloroacetic acid, 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene, 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene, Other Industrial Solvents, Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, Furan, Furfural, Benzofuran, Vinyl acetate, Vinyl fluoride (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997)
Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health (Center to Protect Workers Rights)
Environmental Defense Scorecard (Environmental Defense)
Environmental Outlook for the Chemicals Industry  (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, April 2001)
EXTOXNET (Toxicology Network)
Bullet itemGlycol Ethers: A Ubiquitous Family of Toxic Chemicals - A Plea for REACH Regulation Glycol ethers (GE) are chemicals used since the 1930s as solvents in paints, inks, varnishes, and cleaning agents, mainly in waterbased products, cosmetics, and drugs. World production approximates 1 million tons. Nineteen GE are produced or imported each year; over 1000 tons in European Union (EU) have been classified as high production volume chemicals (HPVCs). First animal data were published in 1971 and 1979 showing severe reprotoxicity for some GE. Two alerts were launched in the United States in 1982 and 1983, but the first partial GE regulation only occurred in 1993 in the EU. Although these chemicals may expose a very large population, basic toxicity data, more especially carcinogenicity, are still lacking (3/32 GE). However, experimental data were sufficient to lead developmental toxicity risk assessment since the early 1980s. Risk indices over 1000 have been calculated for consumers and workers exposed to reprotoxic GE in domestic and industrial activities. The first ban was decided in 1999 in France, but was only for drugs and cosmetics. Not surprisingly, since the late 1980s, human studies have found results similar to those in animal data: spontaneous abortions, malformations, testicular toxicity, and hematotoxicity. Despite this highly coherent set of data, and although substitution products are available, reprotoxic GE have been and still remain widely used in the world. The case of GE shows the failure of the present system based on a posteriori risk assessment. This pleads for the change of paradigm through the European REACH regulation based on the “No data, no market” principle. Ethics in REACH management should also be considered. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)
Hardin Meta Directory - Toxicology (University of Iowa)
Haz-Map: Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Hazard Communication (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Hazard Communications (Right to Know) Online Training Module (Oklahoma State University)
Hazardous Chemical Reporting: Community Right-to-Know Regulations under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (Environmental Protection Agency)
Hazardous Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health (World Health Organization introductory textbook, 2000)
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
High Tech Toxics & the Workplace (Communications Workers of America)
Homeland Security: Voluntary Initiatives Are Under Way at Chemical Facilities but the Extent of Security Preparedness Is Unknown Chemical facilities may be attractive targets for terrorists intent on causing economic harm and loss of life. Many facilities exist in populated areas where a chemical release could threaten thousands. EPA reports that 123 chemical facilities located throughout the nation have toxic "worst-case" scenarios where more than a million people in the surrounding area could be at risk of exposure to a cloud of toxic gas if a release occurred. To date, no one has comprehensively assessed the security of chemical facilities. (U.S. General Accounting Office, March 14, 2003)
Hospital-Based First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving the Release of Hazardous Substances, Best Practices (OSHA)
How to Read a Material Safety Data Sheet (International Brotherhood of Teamsters)
Human Health Consequences of Semiconductor Industry Pollution (Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition)
Ignorance of Safety Data Sheet Gaps Can Have Fatal Outcomes, Experts Say (Bureau of National Affairs, 2002)
In Strictest Confidence: The Chemical Industry's Secrets (A compendium of groundbreaking 1998 investigative reports in the Houston Chronicle about the cover-up of occupational death and disease among chemical workers. These articles and the documents they describe laid much of the foundation for Bill Moyers' March 26, 2001, PBS Special Report "Trade Secrets.")
Irresponsible Care: The Failure of the Chemical Industry to Protect the Public from Chemical Accidents (U.S. PIRG Education Fund, 2004)
International Chemical Safety Cards (NIOSH)
Material Safety Data Sheet search engine (Safety Information Resources, Inc.)
Material Safety Data Sheets Online Training Module (Oklahoma State University)
Michigan Right-to-Know Law (Michigan State University)
The MSDS: Your Key to Chemical Safety  Informat.  For information about using files in PDF format, click here. (Civil Service Employees Association Safety and Health Department)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities: Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance (American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1999)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities at Work: A Training Workbook for Working People (Labor Institute)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (Ohio State University Extension, 2001)
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome (American Family Physician, 1998)
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing)
National Occupational Exposure Survey (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (U.S. Centers for Disease Control, March 2001)
National Toxicology Program Chemical Health and Safety Database – searchable health and safety information on more than 2000 chemicals maintained by U.S. government interagency group
New Jersey Department of Health Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Collection – more than 2,100 of the best-written, most useful sources of brief information about toxics. Please note the instructions at the beginning of the link about PDF (Portable Document Format) software, which you can download free.
New York City Risk Management Plans Law (Local Law 92 of 1993)
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) Documentation
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
NYCOSH Testimony at U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (April 16, 2003)
Occupational Cancer: Burying the Evidence Tens of millions of UK workers have faced deadly risks at work in recent decades. Up to 24,000 may die every year from cancer caused by their jobs. They were not warned of the risks. They were not provided protection. And their employers did not track them down to issue potentially lifesaving guidance on the need for vigilance and health surveillance. And the response of the UK government and safety authorities has been just as complacent.(Hazards, November 2005)
Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial Dyestuffs and Aromatic Amines (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1993)
Occupational Kidney Cancer Exposure to Industrial Solvents We report seven cases of renal cell carcinoma in workers diagnosed with occupational exposure via skin contact and inhalation to industrial solvents containing benzene. The clinical significance of these cases are: (a) all seven patients diagnosed with kidney cancer were seen by private physicians who missed addressing occupational history to industrial solvents; (b) emphasize the importance of taking an in-depth history including occupational history in any patient presented to the clinician, especially like in these cases, kidney cancer; and (c) demonstrate the importance of educating workers. We believe that there exist more patients with renal cancer whose diagnosis has been rendered “idiopathic” due to the lack of detailed occupational, environmental, personal, and family history. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)
Occupational Kidney Cancer Exposure to Industrial Solvents Report seven cases of renal cell carcinoma in workers diagnosed with occupational exposure via skin contact and inhalation to industrial solvents containing benzene. The clinical significance of these cases are: (a) all seven patients diagnosed with kidney cancer were seen by private physicians who missed addressing occupational history to industrial solvents; (b) emphasize the importance of taking an in-depth history including occupational history in any patient presented to the clinician, especially like in these cases, kidney cancer; and (c) demonstrate the importance of educating workers. We believe that there exist more patients with renal cancer whose diagnosis has been rendered “idiopathic” due to the lack of detailed occupational, environmental, personal, and family history. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)

Office of Hazardous Materials Safety (U.S. Department of Transportation)
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (text of the federal regulation)
OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (International Brotherhood of Teamsters)
1988 OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit Project Documentation (NIOSH)
OSHA Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard (29 CFR 1910.119)
Potential Health Effects of Occupational Chlorinated Solvent Exposure Based on toxicology, metabolism, animal studies, and human studies, occupational exposure to chlorinated aliphatic solvents (methanes, ethanes, and ethenes) has been associated with numerous adverse health effects, including central nervous system, reproductive, liver, and kidney toxicity, and carcinogenicity. However, many of these solvents remain in active, large-volume use. This article reviews the recent occupational epidemiology literature on the most widely used solvents, methylene chloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene, and discusses other chlorinated aliphatics. The impact of studies to date has been lessened because of small study size, inability to control for confounding factors, particularly smoking and mixed occupational exposures, and the lack of evidence for a solid pathway from occupational exposure to biological evidence of exposure, to precursors of health effects, and to health effects. International differences in exposure limits may provide a “natural experiment” in the coming years if countries that have lowered exposure limits subsequently experience decreased adverse health effects among exposed workers. Such decreases could provide some evidence that higher levels of adverse health effects were associated with higher levels of solvent exposure. The definitive studies, which should be prospective biomarker studies incorporating body burden of solvents as well as markers of effect, remain to be done. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)
Prevent Cancer Campaign (Canadian Auto Workers)
Preventing Cancer: A Campaign for Workers (Canadian Labour Congress, 2005 a detailed manual aimed at helping workers learn about workplace exposure to cancer-causing materials and ways to prevent the loss and suffering caused when cancer strikes including a step-by-step plan to help workers build their own workplace campaign to reduce the risk of exposure to carcinogens.)
Preventing Chemical Accidents: Lessons Learned since the Bhopal Disaster in 1984 (Collegium Ramazzini, December 2004)
Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitrocompounds (Internatiopnal Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996)
Recommendations for Chemical Protective Clothing (NIOSH)
Recommended Practice for Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents (National Fire Protection Association, 1997)
Re-Evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide Acrylonitrile, 1,3-Butadiene, Chloroprene, Dichloromethane, Part Two - Other compounds reviewed in plenary sessions, Acetaldehyde, Aziridine, Benzoyl peroxide, n-Butyl acrylate, g-Butyrolactone, Caprolactam, Carbon tetrachloride, Catechol, a-Chlorinated toluenes and benzoyl chloride, 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2-Dichloroethane, Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, Dimethylformamide, Dimethyl sulfate, 1,4-Dioxane, Epichlorohydrin, 1,2-Epoxybutane, Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane), Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroquinone, Methyl bromide, Methyl chloride, Phenol, Polychlorophenols and their sodium salts, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, Toluene, Toluene diisocyanates, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, Vinyl bromide, Part Three - Compounds not reviewed in plenary sessions, Part Three A - Extensive new data requiring new summaries, 1,3-Dichloropropene, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, Hydrazine, Isoprene, Isopropanol, Malonaldehyde (malondialdehyde), 4,4¢-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and polymeric 4,4¢-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, Methyl methanesulfonate, 2-Nitropropane, 1,3-Propane sultone, b-Propiolactone, Resorcinol, 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane, Tetrafluoroethylene, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Vinylidene chloride, N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and polyvinylpyrrolidone, Xylenes, Part Three B - Few new data, Acetamide, Acrylic acid, Allyl chloride, Allyl isovalerate, 1,4-Benzoquinone (para-quinone), 1,4-Benzoquinone dioxime, Benzyl acetate, Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, 1,2-Bis(chloromethoxy)ethane, 1,4-Bis(chloromethoxymethyl)benzene, Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether, Bis(2,3-epoxycyclopentyl)ether, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, Bromochloroacetonitrile, Bromodichloromethane, Bromoethane, Bromoform, b-Butyrolactone, Carbazole, Chloroacetonitrile, Chlorodibromomethane, Chlorodifluoromethane, Chloroethane, Chlorofluoromethane, 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, Cyclohexanone, Decabromodiphenyl oxide, Dibromoacetonitrile, Dichloroacetonitrile, Dichloroacetylene, trans-1,4-Dichlorobutene, 1,2-Dichloropropane, 1,2-Diethylhydrazine, Diethyl sulfate, Diglycidyl resorcinol ether, Diisopropyl sulfate, 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite, 3,4-Epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexane carboxylate, cis-9,10-Epoxystearic acid, Ethyl acrylate, Glycidaldehyde, Hexamethylphosphoramide, Isopropyl oils, Lauroyl peroxide, Methyl acrylate, 2-Methylaziridine (propyleneimine), Methyl iodide, Morpholine, 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate, Pentachloroethane, Phenyl glycidyl ether, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium salts, Trichloroacetonitrile, Triethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, 1,2,3-Tris(chloromethoxy)propane, Vinylidene fluoride (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1999)
A Report on Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Produced by representatives of National Center for Environmental Health, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Energy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Veterans Administration Boston Environmental Hazards Center (The Interagency Workgroup on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, 1998)
Report to OSHA on Hazard Communication (National Advisory Committee on Occupational Safety and Health, 1996)
Right-to-Know Network – free access to numerous databases, text files, and conferences on the environment, housing, and sustainable development. With the information available on RTK NET, you can identify specific factories and their environmental effects; analyze reinvestment by banks in their communities; and assess people and communities affected
The Safe Hometowns Initiative
Safety in the Use of Chemicals at Work - Code of Practice
(International Labour Organization)
Security Vulnerability Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries, Second Edition (American Petroleum Institute, October 2004)
Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid Fibrils (Internatiopnal Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997)
Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical Agents Aciclovir, Zidovudine, Zalcitabine, Didanosine, Etoposide, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Amsacrine, Hydroxyurea, Phenolphthalein, Vitamin K substances (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2000)
Some Industrial Chemicals – Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalat, Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, Cinnamyl anthranilate, Coumarin, Ethylbenzene, ortho-Toluidine, 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine, 5-Chloro-ortho-toluidine, Diethanolamine, Triethanolamine, N-Nitrosodiethanolamine, 2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol, 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol, Glycidol, Nitromethane, Pyridine (Internationmal Agency for Research on Cancer, 2000)
[Some Industrial Chemicals, Ethylene, Ethylene oxide, Propylene, Propylene oxide, Isoprene, Styrene, Styrene-7,8-oxide, 4-Vinylcyclohexene, 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, Vinyl toluene, Acrylamide, N-Methylolacrylamide, Methyl methacrylate, 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1995)
Some Pharmaceutical Drugs Diazepam, Doxefazepam, Estazolam, Oxazepam, Prazepam, Ripazepam, Temazepam, Phenytoin, Anti-oestrogenic compounds, Droloxifene, Tamoxifen, Toremifene, Hypolipidaemic drugs, Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996)
A Special Interest Case Study: The Chemical Industry, the Bush Administration, and European Efforts to Regulate Chemicals (House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform, Minority Staff Special Investigations Division, 2004) — A report that shows that the Bush Administration, at the request of the U.S. chemical industry, mounted a campaign to block the efforts of the European Union to require chemical companies to adequately assess the risks of chemicals that are sold in the marketplace.
Specific Medical Tests Published in the Literature for OSHA Regulated Substances (NIOSH)
Systematic Review of Pesticide Human Health Effects (Ontario College of Family Physicians, 2004)
Tenth Report on Carcinogens (National Toxicology Program, 2002)
Toxic Release Inventory Program (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Toxic Substances Information Directory (Michigan Department of Community Health)
Understanding Material Safety Data Sheets: Your Right to Know (NYCOSH)
Understanding Toxic Substances: An Introduction to Chemical Hazards in the Workplace (California Department of Health Services, Occupational Health Branch)
Use Multiple Data Sources for Safer Emergency Response (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999)
Where to Find Material Safety Data Sheets on the Internet
Información Sobre Riesgos de Los Productos Químicos (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1989)
Información Sobre Riesgos Normas de Cumplimiento (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1989)
Productos Quimicos para la Limpieza (AFSCME District Council 37, 1991)
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Manual de Produtos Químicos Perigosos - Faça sua Consulta pelo Nº ONU, Nome do Produto ou Lista Completa (Secretaria de Estado do Meio
Ambiente de Brasil, Companhia de Technologia de Saneamento Ambiental)

Toxicologia Ambiental: Evaluación de Riesgos y Restauración Ambiental (University of Arizona Center for Toxicology)


 

 

II. Sources of information about a single substance or group of closely-related substances (alphabetical)

Ammonia (United Food and Commercial Workers)
Ammonia Spills (New York State Department of Health)
Asbestos
The Benzene Case -- Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO v. The American Petroleum Institute, et al (U.S. Supreme Court, 1980)
Benzene Exposure and Multiple Myeloma: A Detailed Meta-Analysis of Benzene Cohort Studies Case reports and epidemiological studies of workers exposed to benzene have demonstrated associations with a number of lymphohematopoietic diseases, but the association with multiple myeloma has been less apparent. Data from all of the “benzene cohort studies” conducted to date have been selected and evaluated for inclusion in a meta-analysis. The analysis demonstrates a significant excess in the relative risk of multiple myeloma in relation to benzene exposure. Pooling the data from seven cohort studies, a meta-analysis yields a statistically significant weighted relative risk estimate of 2.13 (95% CI=1.31–3.46). In the analysis of cohort data, an understanding of the cohort follow-up period in relation to benzene exposure and relative risk of multiple myeloma is important. Exposure-related relative risks of disease decline after the median latency periods are exceeded, particularly when exposure has terminated decades earlier. The positive epidemiological evidence for benzene as a cause of multiple myeloma is supported by biological plausibility for such an effect from benzene exposure. Studies of refinery workers are difficult to interpret in relation to benzene exposure and risk of multiple myeloma, but are limited in the study design and analysis. Nonetheless, they provide some support for an association between refinery work and multiple myeloma.. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)
Decades of Risk: U.S. Knowingly Allowed Workers to be Overexposed to Beryllium Dust – How Government and Industry Chose Weapons Over Workers  (As reported in a long series of articles in the Toledo Blade during 1999 - 2000, over the last five decades, the U.S. government has risked the lives of thousands of workers by knowingly allowing them to be exposed to unsafe levels of beryllium, a material critical to the production of nuclear weapons. As a result, dozens of workers have contracted beryllium disease, an incurable, often-fatal lung illness.)
Is Beryllium Disease a Fossil? - Not Yet (International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2001)
Government Responses to Beryllium Uses and Risks (U.S. General Accounting Office, May 2000)
1,3-Butadiene (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Cadmium (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Carbon Monoxide in the Workplace (Washington Department of Labor and Industries
Coal Tar Creosote Fact Sheet (New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, 2001)
No Evidence of Dioxin Cancer Threshold (Environmental Health Perspectives, July 2003)
Dipping and Coating Operations (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Formaldehyde (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Formaldehyde (NYCOSH Factsheet)
IARC Classifies Formaldehyde as Carcinogenic to Humans
(International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2004)
Lead
Controlling Metallic Mercury Exposure in the Workplace -- A Guide for Employers (Click here and scroll down to "Mercury." The 2-part guide provides a step-by-step approach to controlling mercury exposure, as well as guidelines for spill clean-up, medical surveillance, and industrial hygiene monitoring. New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Division of Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health)
Your Mercury Exposure: Important Information for People Exposed to Mercury at Work, at Home, and in the Community Advice and information to help you find out how you have been exposed to mercury and protect yourself from further exposure. (New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services,1997)
Methylene Chloride (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Inspection Procedures for Occupational Exposure to Methylene Chloride (Occupational Safety and Health Administration compliance directive, December 2001)
Methylenedianiline (MDA) (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Pesticides
Perchlorate: EPA Does Not Systematically Track Incidents of Contamination (Government Accountability Office, 2007)
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997)
Solvent Alternatives Guide (Research Triangle Institute)
Solvents (Graphic Communications International Union)
What Physicians Need to Know About Silicosis in Construction, Demolition, and Renovation Workers(New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, 1998)
Women Exposed to Solvents at Work During Pregnancy Are at Increased Risk of Having Children with Birth Defects (United Food and Commercial Workers)
Trichloroethylene (Center for Public Environmental Oversight, 2005)



 
   
III. Chemical hazards and toxic substances news  
     
 

It's Hard to Figure out BP's Safety Record — While there's little doubt the energy and chemical industries are hazardous, two sets of data show that making absolute judgments on one company's safety versus another is not simple. One study shows that from 1990 to 2003, BP had the worst accident record of 25 companies. But according to data reported by companies to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, BP's rate for injuries, illnesses and fatalities is less than one-quarter that of the chemical industry's average and is falling. (Houston Chronicle, March 26, 2005)


Texas City Refinery Explosion Verifies Need for Safer Chemicals — Hazardous chemicals at BP Amoco’s Texas City refinery exploded early Wednesday afternoon, March 23, killing 14 and injuring over 100. The massive explosion also destroyed buildings and vehicles, and shook residents’ homes up to five miles away. Unfortunately, this isn’t the first time this facility has released hazardous chemicals into the community. Over the course of the last six years, BP Amoco’s Texas City facility has reported over 100 incidents to the National Response Center (NRC). The NRC tracks unverified initial reports of spills, releases and other accidents ranging from minor to serious. (Working Group on Community Right to Know, OMB Watch Project, March 24, 2005)
Damaged Refinery Still Producing Gasoline — The explosion rocked BP's isomerization unit, which makes high-octane components for gasoline. Isomerization units are typically located downstream from fluid catalytic crackers in the refining process. Concerns abated Thursday after BP said its production at the Texas City, Texas refinery wasn't impacted by the deadly blast that rocked the plant on Wednesday. (MarketWatch, March 24, 2005)
Safety Issues a Recurring Theme at the Refinery: An Internal BP Report on Deaths Last September Cites Workplace Deficiencies A lack of critical safety precautions, inadequate training and poor judgment at BP's Texas City refinery led to the September deaths of two workers and serious injury of a third, the company's own investigators concluded. (Houston Chronicle, March 24, 2005)
Plant Turnarounds Proven Dangerous: Before the Blast, Affected BP Unit Was Coming Back into Operation after Maintenance — In the weeks before the blast, the unit was dormant, an empty metal shell drained of chemicals. But surrounding BP's isomerization unit, was a bustling scene. Armies of workers were likely busy tightening valves, mending pipes and checking a laundry list of components and parts. The ground beneath would typically be littered with spare parts. On Wednesday, the two-week tune-up was mostly finished, when the hot, flammable chemicals started to flow back in and exploded. (Houston Chronicle, March 24, 2005)

Chemical Industry Funds Aid EPA Study: Effect of Substances on Children Probed — The Environmental Protection Agency has agreed to accept $2 million from the American Chemistry Council to help fund a study exploring the impact of pesticides and household chemicals on young children, prompting an outcry from environmentalists. ( Washington Post, October 26, 2004)


Bush Seeks Voluntary Chemical Plant Security Steps: Criticized as Vulnerable to Terrorism, Industry Fighting Democratic Proposal for Mandatory Measures — The Bush administration is proposing new legislation to improve security standards at chemical plants that will emphasize voluntary compliance by an industry that some experts say is one of the nation's most vulnerable to catastrophic terrorist attack. Sen. James M. Inhofe (R-Okla.) is working with the White House and the Department of Homeland Security to craft a bill that would require chemical companies to abide by standards drawn up by their industry association, rather than be subject to mandatory government measures advocated by environmental activists and many Democrats, officials said. (Washington Post, April 8, 2003)
New Federal Report on Carcinogens Lists Estrogen Therapy, Ultraviolet, Wood Dust, Beryllium
— The federal government today published its biennial Report on Carcinogens, adding steroidal estrogens used in estrogen replacement therapy and oral contraceptives to its official list of "known" human carcinogens. This and 15 other new listings bring the total of substances in the report, "known" or "reasonably anticipated" to pose a cancer risk, to 228. (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences press release, December 11, 2002) For the full text of the tenth edition of the NIEHS Report on Carcinogens, click here.


The Clean Room's Dirty Secret — The semiconductor industry prides itself on its high-tech 'clean rooms.' But as a growing number of workers are finding out, the state-of-the-art protections are meant to safeguard microchips, not humans. (Mother Jones, March/April 2002)

Agencies Scrub Web Sites Of Sensitive Chemical Data: Government Debates Safety Versus Security
— (Washington Post, October 4, 2001) — Some federal agencies have been removing documents from Internet sites to keep them away from terrorists, rekindling concerns that important information is being withheld from communities at risk from hazardous chemicals. The documents contain information about potentially dangerous, yet commonly available materials such as chlorine, gasoline or pesticides, which can cause serious damage or death if misused or deliberately freed into the environment.


Toxic Chemical Review Process Faulted: Scientists on EPA Advisory Panels Often Have Conflicts of Interest, GAO Says — Scientists and experts who advise the Environmental Protection Agency on a broad range of regulations governing toxic chemicals and air and water quality frequently have ties to the affected industries or other conflicts of interest, according to a new government study. The General Accounting Office report found serious deficiencies in the EPA's procedures for preventing conflicts of interest and ensuring a proper balance of views among members of Science Advisory Board panels. — Washington Post, July 16, 2001 For the text of the General Accounting Office report, click here.
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