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I.
Sources of information about multiple substances
A
to Z Listing of EPA Publications including papers on
acetaldehyde, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, cadmium, carbon monoxide,
chloroethane, chloroprene, diesel exhaust, dioxin, mercury,
methylmercury, methyl chloride, MTBE, nitrobenzene, secondhand
smoke, PCBs, ammonium perchlorate, quinoline, silica and vinyl
chloride (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center
for Environmental Assessment)
Acute
Exposure Guideline Levels Program Descriptions of the
dangers to humans resulting from short-term exposure to airborne
chemicals. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Public Health Statements
More than 150 summaries about hazardous substances in a
question-and-answer format, which address the most frequently
asked questions about exposure to hazardous substances found
around hazardous waste sites and the effects of exposure on
human health.
Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ToxFAQ factsheets
More than 150 authoritative factsheets in alphabetical
order, from acetone to zinc
Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicological Profiles
Very comprehensive discussions of the relationship between
more than 250 chemicals and human health
Air
Contaminants (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Basics
of Chemical Safety (International Labour Organization)
Better
Coordination Can Improve Safety at Hazardous Material Facilities
(U.S.
General Accounting Office, October 2000)
CAMEO - Computer-Aided Management
of Emergency Operations (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency)
Cancer-Causing
Chemicals in the Workplace In
format. For information about using files in PDF
format, click
here. (Civil Service Employees Association
Safety and Health Department, 1998)
Case
Definitions for Chemical Poisoning In this report,
CDC presents critical information that should be used when
human illness results from an nintentional or intentional
release of a toxin or toxicant. Case definitions should be
used to facilitate uniform reporting among health agencies
of illness resulting from a chemical release. In addition,
this report explains the audience for whom the case definitions
are intended, the setting in which the case definitions might
be used, and reasons that each chemical presented in this
report was selected. (National Center for Environmental
Health, 2005)
Chemical
Hazards - Gases, Liquids & Dusts (Alberta Human
Resources and Employment Ministry)
Chemical
Hazards Handbook (London Hazards Centre)
Chemical
Health & Safety Data (U.S. National Toxicology
Program)
Chemical
Industry Archives (Thousands of searchable internal
documents from the chemical industry and from its national
trade associations obtained in connection with legal proceedings
against the chemical industry Environmental Working
Group)
Chemical
Reactivity Worksheet (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration)
Chemical
Safety (Gateway page for the subject from the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)
Chemical
Safety (Home page of large International Labour Organization
site)
Chemical
Safety (U.S. Centers for Disease Control in-house manual)
Chemical
Safety (Washington Department of Labor and Industries)
Chemical
Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, United States
Chemical
Scorecard/Chemical Information (Environmental Defense)
Chemicals
in the Workplace (International Labour Organization)
Chemicals
Policy Review (European Chemical Industry Council)
ChemCenter
(American Chemical Society)
Cleaning
Chemicals (AFSCME District Council 37, 1991)
Cleaning
for Health: Products and Practices for a Safer Indoor Environment
(INFORM, 2002)
Collaborative
on Health and the Environment Toxicant and Disease Database
Controlling
Chemical Exposure, Industrial Hygiene Fact Sheets (New
Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, 2001)
Controlling Chemical Hazards
(American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees)
Cut
the Use of Toxics in New York City (Daily News, September
30, 2003
Dry
cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals
Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, 1,2,3-Trichloropropane,
Chloral and chloral hydrate, Dichloroacetic acid, Trichloroacetic
acid, 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene, 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene,
Other Industrial Solvents, Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, Furan,
Furfural, Benzofuran, Vinyl acetate, Vinyl fluoride (International
Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997)
Electronic
Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health
(Center to Protect Workers Rights)
Environmental
Defense Scorecard (Environmental Defense)
Environmental
Outlook for the Chemicals Industry
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
April 2001)
EXTOXNET (Toxicology Network)
Glycol
Ethers: A Ubiquitous Family of Toxic Chemicals - A Plea for
REACH Regulation Glycol ethers (GE) are chemicals
used since the 1930s as solvents in paints, inks, varnishes,
and cleaning agents, mainly in waterbased products, cosmetics,
and drugs. World production approximates 1 million tons. Nineteen
GE are produced or imported each year; over 1000 tons in European
Union (EU) have been classified as high production volume
chemicals (HPVCs). First animal data were published in 1971
and 1979 showing severe reprotoxicity for some GE. Two alerts
were launched in the United States in 1982 and 1983, but the
first partial GE regulation only occurred in 1993 in the EU.
Although these chemicals may expose a very large population,
basic toxicity data, more especially carcinogenicity, are
still lacking (3/32 GE). However, experimental data were sufficient
to lead developmental toxicity risk assessment since the early
1980s. Risk indices over 1000 have been calculated for consumers
and workers exposed to reprotoxic GE in domestic and industrial
activities. The first ban was decided in 1999 in France, but
was only for drugs and cosmetics. Not surprisingly, since
the late 1980s, human studies have found results similar to
those in animal data: spontaneous abortions, malformations,
testicular toxicity, and hematotoxicity. Despite this highly
coherent set of data, and although substitution products are
available, reprotoxic GE have been and still remain widely
used in the world. The case of GE shows the failure of the
present system based on a posteriori risk assessment. This
pleads for the change of paradigm through the European REACH
regulation based on the “No data, no market” principle.
Ethics in REACH management should also be considered. (Annals
of the New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)
Hardin
Meta Directory - Toxicology (University of Iowa)
Haz-Map:
Information on Hazardous Chemicals and Occupational Diseases
(U.S. National Library of Medicine)
Hazard
Communication (OSHA Preamble to Final Rule)
Hazard
Communications (Right to Know) Online Training Module
(Oklahoma State University)
Hazardous
Chemical Reporting: Community Right-to-Know Regulations
under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(Environmental Protection Agency)
Hazardous
Chemicals in Human and Environmental Health (World
Health Organization introductory textbook, 2000)
Hazardous
Waste Operations and Emergency Response (OSHA Preamble
to Final Rule)
High
Tech Toxics & the Workplace (Communications Workers
of America)
Homeland
Security: Voluntary Initiatives Are Under Way at Chemical
Facilities but the Extent of Security Preparedness Is Unknown
Chemical facilities may be attractive
targets for terrorists intent on causing economic harm and
loss of life. Many facilities exist in populated areas where
a chemical release could threaten thousands. EPA reports that
123 chemical facilities located throughout the nation have
toxic "worst-case" scenarios where more than a million
people in the surrounding area could be at risk of exposure
to a cloud of toxic gas if a release occurred. To date, no
one has comprehensively assessed the security of chemical
facilities. (U.S. General Accounting Office,
March 14, 2003)
Hospital-Based
First Receivers of Victims from Mass Casualty Incidents Involving
the Release of Hazardous Substances, Best Practices
(OSHA)
How
to Read a Material Safety Data Sheet
(International Brotherhood of Teamsters)
Human Health Consequences
of Semiconductor Industry Pollution (Silicon Valley
Toxics Coalition)
Ignorance
of Safety Data Sheet Gaps Can Have Fatal Outcomes, Experts
Say (Bureau of National Affairs, 2002)
In
Strictest Confidence: The Chemical Industry's Secrets
(A compendium of groundbreaking 1998 investigative reports
in the Houston Chronicle about the cover-up of occupational
death and disease among chemical workers. These articles and
the documents they describe laid much of the foundation for
Bill Moyers' March 26, 2001, PBS Special Report "Trade
Secrets.")
Irresponsible
Care: The Failure of the Chemical Industry to Protect the
Public from Chemical Accidents (U.S. PIRG Education
Fund, 2004)
International
Chemical Safety Cards (NIOSH)
Material
Safety Data Sheet search engine (Safety Information
Resources, Inc.)
Material
Safety Data Sheets Online Training Module (Oklahoma
State University)
Michigan
Right-to-Know Law (Michigan State University)
The
MSDS: Your Key to Chemical Safety In format. For
information about using files in PDF format, click
here. (Civil Service Employees Association Safety
and Health Department)
Multiple
Chemical Sensitivities (Occupational Safety and Health
Administration)
Multiple
Chemical Sensitivities: Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance
(American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
1999)
Multiple
Chemical Sensitivities at Work: A Training Workbook for Working
People (Labor Institute)
Multiple
Chemical Sensitivity (Ohio State University Extension,
2001)
Multiple
Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome (American Family Physician,
1998)
National Industrial
Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (Australian
Government Department of Health and Ageing)
National
Occupational Exposure Survey (National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health)
National
Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (U.S.
Centers for Disease Control, March 2001)
National
Toxicology Program Chemical Health and Safety Database
searchable health and safety information on more
than 2000 chemicals maintained by U.S. government interagency
group
New
Jersey Department of Health Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
Collection more than 2,100 of the best-written,
most useful sources of brief information about toxics. Please
note the instructions at the beginning of the link about PDF
(Portable Document Format) software, which you can download
free.
New
York City Risk Management Plans Law (Local Law 92 of 1993)
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous
to Life or Health (IDLH) Documentation
NIOSH
Manual of Analytical Methods
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards
NYCOSH
Testimony at U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation
Board (April 16, 2003)
Occupational
Cancer: Burying the Evidence Tens of millions
of UK workers have faced deadly risks at work in recent decades.
Up to 24,000 may die every year from cancer caused by their
jobs. They were not warned of the risks. They were not provided
protection. And their employers did not track them down to
issue potentially lifesaving guidance on the need for vigilance
and health surveillance. And the response of the UK government
and safety authorities has been just as complacent.(Hazards,
November 2005)
Occupational
Exposures of Hairdressers and Barbers and Personal Use of
Hair Colourants; Some Hair Dyes, Cosmetic Colourants, Industrial
Dyestuffs and Aromatic Amines (International Agency
for Research on Cancer, 1993)
Occupational Kidney Cancer Exposure to Industrial Solvents
We report seven cases of renal cell carcinoma in workers diagnosed
with occupational exposure via skin contact and inhalation
to industrial solvents containing benzene. The clinical significance
of these cases are: (a) all seven patients diagnosed with
kidney cancer were seen by private physicians who missed addressing
occupational history to industrial solvents; (b) emphasize
the importance of taking an in-depth history including occupational
history in any patient presented to the clinician, especially
like in these cases, kidney cancer; and (c) demonstrate the
importance of educating workers. We believe that there exist
more patients with renal cancer whose diagnosis has been rendered
“idiopathic” due to the lack of detailed occupational,
environmental, personal, and family history. (Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)
Occupational
Kidney Cancer Exposure to Industrial Solvents Report
seven cases of renal cell carcinoma in workers diagnosed with
occupational exposure via skin contact and inhalation to industrial
solvents containing benzene. The clinical significance of
these cases are: (a) all seven patients diagnosed with kidney
cancer were seen by private physicians who missed addressing
occupational history to industrial solvents; (b) emphasize
the importance of taking an in-depth history including occupational
history in any patient presented to the clinician, especially
like in these cases, kidney cancer; and (c) demonstrate the
importance of educating workers. We believe that there exist
more patients with renal cancer whose diagnosis has been rendered
“idiopathic” due to the lack of detailed occupational,
environmental, personal, and family history. (Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, September 2006)
Office
of Hazardous Materials Safety (U.S. Department of Transportation)
OSHA
Hazard Communication Standard (text of the federal
regulation)
OSHA
Hazard Communication Standard (International Brotherhood
of Teamsters)
1988
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit Project Documentation
(NIOSH)
OSHA
Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals Standard
(29 CFR 1910.119)
Potential
Health Effects of Occupational Chlorinated Solvent Exposure
Based on toxicology, metabolism, animal studies, and human
studies, occupational exposure to chlorinated aliphatic solvents
(methanes, ethanes, and ethenes) has been associated with
numerous adverse health effects, including central nervous
system, reproductive, liver, and kidney toxicity, and carcinogenicity.
However, many of these solvents remain in active, large-volume
use. This article reviews the recent occupational epidemiology
literature on the most widely used solvents, methylene chloride,
chloroform, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene, and
discusses other chlorinated aliphatics. The impact of studies
to date has been lessened because of small study size, inability
to control for confounding factors, particularly smoking and
mixed occupational exposures, and the lack of evidence for
a solid pathway from occupational exposure to biological evidence
of exposure, to precursors of health effects, and to health
effects. International differences in exposure limits may
provide a “natural experiment” in the coming years
if countries that have lowered exposure limits subsequently
experience decreased adverse health effects among exposed
workers. Such decreases could provide some evidence that higher
levels of adverse health effects were associated with higher
levels of solvent exposure. The definitive studies, which
should be prospective biomarker studies incorporating body
burden of solvents as well as markers of effect, remain to
be done. (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, September
2006)
Prevent
Cancer Campaign
(Canadian Auto Workers)
Preventing
Cancer: A Campaign for Workers (Canadian
Labour Congress, 2005 a detailed manual aimed
at helping workers learn about workplace exposure to cancer-causing
materials and ways to prevent the loss and suffering caused
when cancer strikes including a step-by-step plan to help
workers build their own workplace campaign to reduce the risk
of exposure to carcinogens.)
Preventing
Chemical Accidents: Lessons Learned since the Bhopal Disaster
in 1984 (Collegium Ramazzini, December 2004)
Printing
Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitrocompounds
(Internatiopnal Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996)
Recommendations
for Chemical Protective Clothing (NIOSH)
Recommended
Practice for Responding to Hazardous Materials Incidents
(National
Fire Protection Association, 1997)
Re-Evaluation
of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide Acrylonitrile, 1,3-Butadiene, Chloroprene, Dichloromethane,
Part Two - Other compounds reviewed in plenary sessions, Acetaldehyde,
Aziridine, Benzoyl peroxide, n-Butyl acrylate, g-Butyrolactone,
Caprolactam, Carbon tetrachloride, Catechol, a-Chlorinated
toluenes and benzoyl chloride, 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane,
1,2-Dichloroethane, Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, Dimethylformamide,
Dimethyl sulfate, 1,4-Dioxane, Epichlorohydrin, 1,2-Epoxybutane,
Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane), Hydrogen peroxide,
Hydroquinone, Methyl bromide, Methyl chloride, Phenol, Polychlorophenols
and their sodium salts, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, Toluene,
Toluene diisocyanates, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)
phosphate, Vinyl bromide, Part Three - Compounds not reviewed
in plenary sessions, Part Three A - Extensive new data requiring
new summaries, 1,3-Dichloropropene, 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine,
Hydrazine, Isoprene, Isopropanol, Malonaldehyde (malondialdehyde),
4,4¢-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and polymeric 4,4¢-methylenediphenyl
diisocyanate, Methyl methanesulfonate, 2-Nitropropane, 1,3-Propane
sultone, b-Propiolactone, Resorcinol, 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane,
Tetrafluoroethylene, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Vinylidene chloride,
N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and polyvinylpyrrolidone, Xylenes, Part
Three B - Few new data, Acetamide, Acrylic acid, Allyl chloride,
Allyl isovalerate, 1,4-Benzoquinone (para-quinone), 1,4-Benzoquinone
dioxime, Benzyl acetate, Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, 1,2-Bis(chloromethoxy)ethane,
1,4-Bis(chloromethoxymethyl)benzene, Bis(2-chloro-1-methylethyl)ether,
Bis(2,3-epoxycyclopentyl)ether, Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether,
Bromochloroacetonitrile, Bromodichloromethane, Bromoethane,
Bromoform, b-Butyrolactone, Carbazole, Chloroacetonitrile,
Chlorodibromomethane, Chlorodifluoromethane, Chloroethane,
Chlorofluoromethane, 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, Cyclohexanone,
Decabromodiphenyl oxide, Dibromoacetonitrile, Dichloroacetonitrile,
Dichloroacetylene, trans-1,4-Dichlorobutene, 1,2-Dichloropropane,
1,2-Diethylhydrazine, Diethyl sulfate, Diglycidyl resorcinol
ether, Diisopropyl sulfate, 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine, Dimethyl
hydrogen phosphite, 3,4-Epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxy-6-methylcyclohexane
carboxylate, cis-9,10-Epoxystearic acid, Ethyl acrylate, Glycidaldehyde,
Hexamethylphosphoramide, Isopropyl oils, Lauroyl peroxide,
Methyl acrylate, 2-Methylaziridine (propyleneimine), Methyl
iodide, Morpholine, 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate, Pentachloroethane,
Phenyl glycidyl ether, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium
salts, Trichloroacetonitrile, Triethylene glycol diglycidyl
ether, Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, 1,2,3-Tris(chloromethoxy)propane,
Vinylidene fluoride (International Agency for Research on
Cancer, 1999)
A
Report on Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Produced
by representatives of National Center for Environmental Health,
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of
Energy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, National Institute for
Environmental Health Sciences, Veterans Administration Boston
Environmental Hazards Center (The Interagency Workgroup on
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity, 1998)
Report
to OSHA on Hazard Communication (National Advisory
Committee on Occupational Safety and Health, 1996)
Right-to-Know
Network free access to numerous databases, text
files, and conferences on the environment, housing, and sustainable
development. With the information available on RTK NET, you
can identify specific factories and their environmental effects;
analyze reinvestment by banks in their communities; and assess
people and communities affected
The
Safe Hometowns Initiative
Safety
in the Use of Chemicals at Work - Code of Practice
(International Labour Organization)
Security
Vulnerability Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum and
Petrochemical Industries, Second Edition
(American Petroleum Institute, October 2004)
Silica,
Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid Fibrils (Internatiopnal
Agency for Research on Cancer, 1997)
Some
Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical
Agents Aciclovir, Zidovudine, Zalcitabine, Didanosine,
Etoposide, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Amsacrine, Hydroxyurea,
Phenolphthalein, Vitamin K substances (International Agency
for Research on Cancer, 2000)
Some
Industrial Chemicals Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalat,
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, Cinnamyl anthranilate, Coumarin,
Ethylbenzene, ortho-Toluidine, 4-Chloro-ortho-toluidine, 5-Chloro-ortho-toluidine,
Diethanolamine, Triethanolamine, N-Nitrosodiethanolamine,
2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol, 2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol,
Glycidol, Nitromethane, Pyridine (Internationmal Agency for
Research on Cancer, 2000)
[Some
Industrial Chemicals, Ethylene, Ethylene oxide, Propylene,
Propylene oxide, Isoprene, Styrene, Styrene-7,8-oxide, 4-Vinylcyclohexene,
4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, Vinyl toluene, Acrylamide, N-Methylolacrylamide,
Methyl methacrylate, 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate, (International
Agency for Research on Cancer, 1995)
Some
Pharmaceutical Drugs Diazepam, Doxefazepam,
Estazolam, Oxazepam, Prazepam, Ripazepam, Temazepam, Phenytoin,
Anti-oestrogenic compounds, Droloxifene, Tamoxifen, Toremifene,
Hypolipidaemic drugs, Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil (International
Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996)
A
Special Interest Case Study: The Chemical Industry, the Bush
Administration, and European Efforts to Regulate Chemicals
(House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform,
Minority Staff Special Investigations Division, 2004)
A report that shows that the Bush Administration, at the request
of the U.S. chemical industry, mounted a campaign to block
the efforts of the European Union to require chemical companies
to adequately assess the risks of chemicals that are sold
in the marketplace.
Specific
Medical Tests Published in the Literature for OSHA Regulated
Substances (NIOSH)
Systematic
Review of Pesticide Human Health Effects (Ontario College
of Family Physicians, 2004)
Tenth
Report on Carcinogens (National Toxicology Program,
2002)
Toxic
Release Inventory Program (U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency)
Toxic
Substances Information Directory (Michigan Department
of Community Health)
Understanding
Material Safety Data Sheets: Your Right to Know (NYCOSH)
Understanding
Toxic Substances: An Introduction to Chemical Hazards in the
Workplace (California Department of Health Services,
Occupational Health Branch)
Use
Multiple Data Sources for Safer Emergency Response (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1999)
Where
to Find Material Safety Data Sheets on the Internet
Información
Sobre Riesgos de Los Productos Químicos (Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, 1989)
Información
Sobre Riesgos Normas de Cumplimiento (Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, 1989)
Productos
Quimicos para la Limpieza (AFSCME District Council
37, 1991)
pManual
de Produtos Químicos Perigosos - Faça sua Consulta
pelo Nº ONU, Nome do Produto ou Lista Completa (Secretaria
de Estado do Meio
Ambiente de Brasil, Companhia de Technologia de Saneamento
Ambiental)
Toxicologia
Ambiental: Evaluación de Riesgos y Restauración
Ambiental (University of Arizona Center for Toxicology)
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